9990_s26_qp_13 — 2026 May-June Psychology 9990 Question Paper 1 Variant 3 · Cambridge CAIE AS & A Level

Confusing results with conclusions

“A result is based on factual data collected in the study whereas a conclusion is the general 'meaning' of the data.”— Paper 1, March 2025

How to fix: Results = factual data with numbers (e.g. '65% of participants obeyed to 450V'). Conclusions = the meaning of those data (e.g. 'obedience is influenced by situational factors'). Never use 'better', 'worse', or value judgements in results.

Using the GRAVE approach in AO3 evaluation essays

“Some responses are still following a GRAVE approach (Generalisability, Reliability, Application, Validity, Ethics) when the 'A' part is not creditworthy for an AO3 question.”— Paper 1, March 2025

How to fix: In essay Q10: real-world application is NOT a standalone evaluation point. You can only get credit for application as a CONSEQUENCE of a strength. Structure: state a strength → explain it with 2 examples from the named study → then optionally add what real-world application follows from that strength.

Applying human ethical guidelines to animal studies

“Some responses used human guidelines and as a result could not be awarded any credit. Common errors were informed consent and the right to withdraw. The elephant walking away is not an example of the right to withdraw.”— Paper 1, March 2025

How to fix: Animal studies use DIFFERENT ethical guidelines: replacement, reduction, refinement (the 3 Rs), species-appropriate housing, minimising suffering. Human guidelines (informed consent, right to withdraw, deception, debriefing) do NOT apply to animals.